The Covid-19 Pandemic: Impacts on the Hospital Environment and Spatial Design
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v9.n2-2.1017Keywords:
Covid-19, Hospital Design, Hospital Environment, Spatial Design, RestorativeAbstract
Covid-19 is the most significant pandemic that happened at the end of 2019, where the first confirmed case was reported in Wuhan, China. Given the high population and economic activities in cities, there are always possibilities for Covid-19 to spread widely. Hence, the impacts in the urban area are much bigger affected by this pandemic. The fact that existing hospital design raises concerns and questions among people across the globe regarding the hospital capacity and lack of flexibility to accommodate sudden surges of patients due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Previous studies showed that hospital spatial design and organization are crucial and impact users’ perceptions and experiences from multiple stakeholders. The scholars argue that the concept of restorative environment is rarely defined and some of the initiatives either focused on daily life in hospitals or broad terms about hospital architecture, layout, and interior design. The overview on the impact of Covid-19 towards hospital environment, hospital spatial design and its relationship through content analysis, and pilot survey as the groundwork are significant features to be discovered in this paper. This paper focuses on the existing hospital spatial design principles through the effectiveness and efficiency of current hospital planning design during the pandemic. The result indicates that the empirical principles contribute to hospital planning and design quality and call for further research.
References
An, S., & Lee, H. (2010). The Sustainable Space Planning of Hospital Design Towards The Healing Environment. International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development, 1-6.
Aripin, S. (2007). 'Healing Architecture': Daylight in Hospital Design. Conference on Sustainable Building South East Asia, 1-9. Malaysia.
Aripin, S. (2012). Healing Architecture: A Study on The Physical Aspects of Healing Environment in Hospital Design. 342 - 349.
Asfour, K. S. (2019). Healing Architecture: A Spatial Experience Praxis. Emerald Insight, 14(2):133-147.
Astron Hospital and Health Care Consultants. (2021). Safe Hospital Environment and Patient Safety. India. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
Blackwell, T., & Bosse, M. (2007). Use of an Innovative Design Mobile Hospital in the Medical Response to Hurricane Katrina. Annal of Emergency Medicine, 580-588.
Cao, Y., Li, Q., Chen, J., Guo, X., Miao, C., Yang, H., & Chen, Z. (2020). Hospital Emergency Management Plan During the COVID-19 Epidemic. 27(4):309-311.
Capolongo, S. (2016). Preface Social Aspects and Well-being for Improving Healing Processes’ Effectiveness. 1: 11-14.
Carr, R. F. (2017). Hospital. Retrieved January 21, 2021, from Whole Building Design Guide: https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/health-care-facilities/hospital
Chen, Q., Huang, X., Liu, P., Zhang, Y., Xie, L., Liu, J., & Deng, F. (2020). How do primary community hospitals enact early response to COVID-19? the experience from Chengdu, China. 26(9):272-273.
Chen, S., Zhang, Z., Yang, J., Wang, J., Zhai, X. H., & Barnighausen, P. T. (2020). Fangcang Shelter Hospitals: A Novel Concept for Responding to Public Health Emergencies. 1305-1314. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30744-3
Cheng, B., Shi, R.-F., Du, D.-Y., Hu, P., Feng, J., Huang, G.-B., & Cai, A.-N. (2015). Mobile Emergency (Surgical) Hospital: Development and Application in Medical Relief of "4.20" Lushan Earthquake in Sichuan Province, China. 18(1): 5-9.
Chong, G., & Shanshan, Z. (2020). The Restorative Quality of Patient Ward Environment: Tests of Six Dominant Design Characteristics. Building and Environment, 180:1-48.
Cifter, A. S., & Cifter, M. (2017). A Review on Future Directions in Hospital Spatial Designs with a Focus on Patient Experience. Design for Next Health, 12-14.
Day, K., Carreon, D., & Stump, C. (2000). The Therapeutic Design of Environments for People with Dementia: A Review of The Empirical Research. The Gerontologist - Oxford Academic Journals, 40(4):397-416.
Dickerman, K. N., Barach, P., & Pentecost, R. (2008). We shape our buildings, then they kill us. Why health-care buildings contribute to the error pandemic, 44(2):15-21.
Fang, D., Pan, S., Li, Z., Yuan, T., Jiang, B., Gan, D., & Sheng, B. (2020). Large-scale Public Venues as Medical Emergency Sites in Disasters: Lessons from COVID-19 and The Use of Fangcang Shelter Hospitals in Wuhan, China. BMJ Global Health, 5(6): e002815.
Gupta, S., & Kant, S. (2004). Hospital Architecture: Emerging Issues and Strategic Options. Journal of the Academy of Hospital Administration, 1-6.
Iyendo, T. O. (2014, December). Enhancing the Hospital Healing Environment through Art and Day-lighting for User’s Therapeutic Process. 23, 3(9):101-119.
Joseph, A., & Rashid, M. (2007). The Architecture of Safety: Hospital Design. 13(6):714-9.
Karanikola, P., Andrea, V., Tampakis, S., & Tsolakidou, A. (2020). Indoor and Outdoor Design in Healthcare Environments: The Employees’ Views in the General University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Greece. MDPI, https://doi.org/10.3390/environments7080061.
Khetrapal, S., & Bhatia, R. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on health system & Sustainable Development Goal 3. 151(5): 395–399.
Koh, D. (2020). Occupational risks for COVID-19 Infection. Occupational Medicine, 70(1):3-5.
Lateef, F. (2009). Hospital Design for Better Infection Control. 2(3): 175–179.
Luo, H., Liu, J., Li, C., Chen, K., & Zhang, M. (2020). Ultra-rapid Delivery of Specialty Field Hospitals to Combat COVID-19: Lessons Learned from The Leishenshan Hospital Project in Wuhan. Automation in Construction, 1-12.
Luo, Z., Zhang, Z., Zheng, Y., Intyre, C. R., Liang, Y., Wang, Q., & Ma, Y. (2021). Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from international arrivals: Xiaotangshan Designated Hospital, China. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 99(5): 374–380.
Mohd Nawawi, N., Sapian, A. R., Abdul Majid, N. H., & Aripin, S. (2013). Hospital Design in Tropical Malaysia. Towards A Green Agenda. 277-290.
Naccarella, L., Raggatt, M., & Redley, B. (2018). The Influence of Spatial Design on Team Communication in Hospital Emergency Departments. HERD: Health Environment Research and Design, 12(2):100-115.
Neufert, E. (2019). Architects' Data. Hoboken, United States: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Oxford, U. P. (2021). Oxford English Dictionary. London: Oxford University Press.
Peters, T., & D’Penna, K. (2020). Biophilic Design for Restorative University Learning Environments: A Critical Review of Literature and Design Recommendations. 12:1-17.
Podbelski, L. (2017, July 17). Healing Architecture: Hospital Design and Patient Outcomes. Retrieved April 23, 2021, from Sage Glass Saint-Goban: https://www.sageglass.com
Rice, L. (2020). After Covid-19: Urban Design as Spatial Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-020-00142-6.
Rume, T., & Islam, S. D.-U. (2020). Environmental effects of COVID-19 pandemic and potentialstrategies of sustainability. 6(9): e04965.
Sacchetto, D., Raviolo, M., Beltrando, C., & Tommasoni, N. (2020). COVID-19 Surge Capacity Solutions: Our Experience of Converting a Concert Hall into a Temporary Hospital for Mild and Moderate COVID-19 Patients. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 1-4.
Shan, J., & Verderber, S. (2016). On the Planning and Design of Hospital Circulation Zones: A Review of the Evidence-Based Literature. 1-23.
Shaukat, N., Ali, D. M., & Abdul Razzak, J. (2020). Physical and Mental Health Impacts of COVID-19 on Healthcare Workers: A Scoping Review. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-020-00299-5. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
Shen, B., Chen, L., Zhang, L., Zhang, M., Li, J., Wu, J., & Chen, K. (2020). Wuchang Fangcang Shelter Hospital: Practices, Experiences, and Lessons Learned in Controlling COVID-19. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine, 4:1–6.
Shu, L., Ji, N., Chen, X., & Feng, G. (2020). Ark of Life and Hope: the role of the Cabin Hospital in facing COVID-19. Journal of Hospital Infection, 105(2):351-352.
Stern, A. L., MacRae, S., Gerteis, M., Harrison, T., Fowler, E., Edgman-Levitan, S., & Walker, J. (2003). Understanding The Consumer Perspective to Improve Design Quality. 16-28.
Suess, C., & Mody, M. (2016). Hospitality Healthscapes: A Conjoint Analysis Approach to Understanding Patient Responses to Hotel-like Hospital Rooms. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 59-72.
Toner, E., & Waldhorn, R. (2006). What hospitals should do to prepare for an influenza pandemic. Biosecur Bioterror, 4(4):397-402.
Ulrich, R., Quan, X., Zimring, C., Joseph, A., & Choudhary, R. (2004). The Role of the Physical Environment in the Hospital of the 21st Century: A Once-in-a-Lifetime Opportunity. 1-69.
Vick, D. J., Wilson, D. J., Fisher, M., & Roseamelia, C. (2018). Assessment of Community Hospital Disaster Preparedness in New York State. Journal of Emergency Management, 16(4):213-227.
Waite, R., & Pitcher, G. (2020). How will Covid-19 change the design of health facilities? Retrieved January 17, 2021, from Architects' Journal: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/how-will-covid-19-change-the-design-of-health-facilities
Wang, K.-W., Gao, J., Song, X.-x., Huang, J., Wang, H., Wu, X.-L., & Yuan, Q.-F. (2020). Fangcang Shelter Hospitals are a One Health Approach for Responding to The COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan, China. One Health, 10:1-6.
WHO, W. H. (2021, April 23). WHO | World Health Organization. Retrieved December 5, 2020, from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.
Wood, V. J., Gesler, W., Curtis, S. E., Spencer, I. H., Close, H. J., Mason, J., & Reilly, J. G. (2015). 'Therapeutic landscapes' and The Importance of Nostalgia, Solastalgia, Salvage and Abandonment for Psychiatric Hospital Design. Health and Place, 33:83-89.
WSP. (2020). What Has Covid-19 Taught Us About Healthcare Delivery? New York, New York, United States. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
Yuan, Y., Qiu, T., Wang, T., Zhou, J., Ma, Y., Liu, X., & Deng, H. (2020). The Application of Temporary Ark Hospitals in Controlling COVID-19 Spread: The Experiences of One Temporary Ark Hospital, Wuhan, China. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(10):2019-202
Zhou, F., Gao, X., Li, M., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Shelter Hospital: Glimmers of Hope in Treating Coronavirus 2019. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 14(5): E3-E4.
Zhu, W., Wang, Y., Xiao, K., Zhang, H., Tian, Y., Clifford, S. P., & Xu, J. (2020). Establishing and Managing a Temporary Coronavirus Disease 2019 Specialty Hospital in Wuhan, China. Anesthesiology, https://doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000003299. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright of articles that appear in International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions or any other reproductions of similar nature.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- This Journal applies Creative Commons Licenses of CC-BY-NC-SA
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
