Assessing The Thermal Comfort Conditions In Open Spaces: A Transversal Field Survey On The University Campus In India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v8.n3.786Keywords:
Outdoor thermal comfort, PET, Thermal sensation vote model, Cold season, Thermal stressAbstract
Outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) promotes the usage frequency of public places, recreational activities, and people's wellbeing. Despite the increased interest in OTC research in the past decade, less attention has been paid to OTC research in cold weather, especially in arid regions. The present study investigates the OTC conditions in open spaces at the campus area in the arid region. The study was conducted by using subjective surveys(questionnaire) and onsite monitoring (microclimate parameters). The study was conducted at the Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Haryana-India campus during the cold season of 2019. The timings of surveys were between 9:00 and 17:00 hours. The authors processed the 185 valid questionnaire responses of the respondents to analyze OTC conditions. Only 8.6% of the respondents marked their perceived sensation "Neutral." Regression analysis was applied between respondents' thermal sensations and microclimate parameters to develop the empirical thermal sensation model. The air temperature was the most dominant parameter affecting the sensations of the respondents. The empirical model indicated that by increasing air temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation, the thermal sensations also increased while wind speed had an opposite effect. Physiological equivalent temperature (PET) was applied for assessing the OTC conditions; the neutral PET range was found to be 18.42-25.37°C with a neutral temperature of 21.89°C. The preferred temperature was 21.99 °C by applying Probit analysis. The study's findings could provide valuable information in designing and planning outdoor spaces for educational institutions in India's arid regions
References
Ali, S. B., & Patnaik, S. (2018). Thermal comfort in urban open spaces: Objective assessment and subjective perception study in tropical city of Bhopal, India. Urban Climate, 24(July): 954–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2017.11.006
Altunkasa, C., & Uslu, C. (2020). Use of outdoor microclimate simulation maps for a planting design to improve thermal comfort. Sustainable Cities and Society, 57: 102137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102137
Amindeldar, S., Heidari, S., & Khalili, M. (2017). The effect of personal and microclimatic variables on outdoor thermal comfort: A field study in Tehran in cold season. Sustainable Cities and Society Journal, 147(June): 114–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2017.06.002
Andrade, H., Alcoforado, M. J., & Oliveira, S. (2011). Perception of temperature and wind by users of public outdoor spaces: Relationships with weather parameters and personal characteristics. International Journal of Biometeorology, 55(5): 665–680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-010-0379-0
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55. (2010). Thermal Environment Conditions for Human Occupancy. ASHRAE Inc, 42. https://doi.org/ISSN 1041-2336
Ballantyne, E. R., Hill, R. K., & Spencer, J. W. (1977). Probit Analysis of Thermal Sensation Assessments. 21(I): 29–43.
Banerjee, S., Middel, A., & Chattopadhyay, S. (2020). Outdoor thermal comfort in various microentrepreneurial settings in hot humid tropical Kolkata: Human biometeorological assessment of objective and subjective parameters. Science of the Total Environment, 721: 137741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137741
Baruti, M. M., & Johansson, E. (2020). Urbanites’ thermal perception in informal settlements of warm-humid Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Urban Climate, 31, 100564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2019.100564
Britannica.com. (n.d.). Britannica.com. Retrieved March 30, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Himalayas#ref487166
Canan, F., Golasi, I., Ciancio, V., Coppi, M., & Salata, F. (2019). Outdoor thermal comfort conditions during summer in a cold semi-arid climate. A transversal field survey in Central Anatolia (Turkey). Building and Environment, 148(October 2018): 212–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.11.008
Chen, L., Wen, Y., Zhang, L., & Xiang, W. N. (2015). Studies of thermal comfort and space use in an urban park square in cool and cold seasons in Shanghai. Building and Environment, 94: 644–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.10.020
Cheng, V., Ng, E., Chan, C., & Givoni, B. (2012). Outdoor thermal comfort study in a sub-tropical climate: A longitudinal study based in Hong Kong. International Journal of Biometeorology, 56(1): 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-010-0396-z
Coccolo, S., Kämpf, J., Scartezzini, J. L., & Pearlmutter, D. (2016). Outdoor human comfort and thermal stress: A comprehensive review on models and standards. Urban Climate, 18: 33–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2016.08.004
de Freitas, C. R., & Grigorieva, E. A. (2017). A comparison and appraisal of a comprehensive range of human thermal climate indices. International Journal of Biometeorology, 61(3): 487–512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-016-1228-6
Fang, Z., Feng, X., Liu, J., Lin, Z., Mak, C. M., Niu, J., … Xu, X. (2019). Investigation into the differences among several outdoor thermal comfort indices against field survey in subtropics. Sustainable Cities and Society, 44(October 2018): 676–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.10.022
Fang, Z., Xu, X., Zhou, X., Deng, S., Wu, H., Liu, J., & Lin, Z. (2019). Investigation into the thermal comfort of university students conducting outdoor training. Building and Environment, 149(December 2018): 26–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.12.003
Fong, C. S., Aghamohammadi, N., Ramakreshnan, L., Sulaiman, N. M., & Mohammadi, P. (2019). Holistic recommendations for future outdoor thermal comfort assessment in tropical Southeast Asia: A critical appraisal. Sustainable Cities and Society, 46(January): 101428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101428
Hadianpour, M., Mahdavinejad, M., Bemanian, M., & Nasrollahi, F. (2018). Seasonal differences of subjective thermal sensation and neutral temperature in an outdoor shaded space in Tehran, Iran. Sustainable Cities and Society, 39(March): 751–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.03.003
He, X., An, L., Hong, B., Huang, B., & Cui, X. (2020). Cross-cultural differences in thermal comfort in campus open spaces: A longitudinal field survey in China’s cold region. Building and Environment, 172: 106739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106739
Hirashima, S. Q. da S., Katzschner, A., Ferreira, D. G., Assis, E. S. de, & Katzschner, L. (2018). Thermal comfort comparison and evaluation in different climates. Urban Climate, 23: 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2016.08.007
Höppe, P. (1999). The physiological equivalent temperature - A universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. International Journal of Biometeorology, 43(2): 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840050118
Huang, Z., Cheng, B., Gou, Z., & Zhang, F. (2019). Outdoor thermal comfort and adaptive behaviors in a university campus in China’s hot summer-cold winter climate region. Building and Environment, 165(August): 106414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106414
ISO. (2001). 10551 Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Assessment of the influence of the thermal environment using subjective judgement scales. Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/standard/18636.html. Retrieved date: 19 November 2019
ISO 7726. (1998). ISO 7726:1998 Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Instruments for measuring physical quantities. ISO Standard, 1998: 1–56. https://doi.org/ISO 7726:1998 (E)
Johansson, E., Thorsson, S., Emmanuel, R., & Krüger, E. (2014). Instruments and methods in outdoor thermal comfort studies - The need for standardization. Urban Climate, 10(P2): 346–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2013.12.002
Kashef, M. (2016). Urban livability across disciplinary and professional boundaries. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 5: 239–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2016.03.003
Kenawy, I., & Elkadi, H. (2018). The outdoor thermal benchmarks in Melbourne urban climate. Sustainable Cities and Society, 43(April): 587–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.09.004
Ketterer, C., & Matzarakis, A. (2014). Human-biometeorological assessment of the urban heat island in a city with complex topography - The case of Stuttgart, Germany. Urban Climate, 10(P3): 573–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2014.01.003
Kong, L., Lau, K. K. L., Yuan, C., Chen, Y., Xu, Y., Ren, C., & Ng, E. (2017). Regulation of outdoor thermal comfort by trees in Hong Kong. Sustainable Cities and Society, 31: 12–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.01.018
Krüger, E., Drach, P., Emmanuel, R., & Corbella, O. (2013). Urban heat island and differences in outdoor comfort levels in Glasgow, UK. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 112(1–2): 127–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0724-9
Kumar, P, & Sharma, A. (2020). Study on importance , procedure , and scope of outdoor thermal comfort – A review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 61: 102297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102297
Kumar, Parveen. (2014). Evaluation of Thermal Comfort of Naturally Ventilated University Students’ Accommodation based on Adaptive Thermal Comfort Model and Occupant Survey in Composite Climate. International Journal of Architecture, Engineering and Construction, 3(4): 298–316. https://doi.org/10.7492/IJAEC.2014.024
Lai, D., Guo, D., Hou, Y., Lin, C., & Chen, Q. (2014). Studies of outdoor thermal comfort in northern China. Building and Environment, 77: 110–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.03.026
Lai, D., Zhou, C., Huang, J., Jiang, Y., Long, Z., & Chen, Q. (2014). Outdoor space quality: A field study in an urban residential community in central China. Energy and Buildings, 68(PART B): 713–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.02.051
Li, L., & Zha, Y. (2020). Population exposure to extreme heat in China: Frequency, intensity, duration and temporal trends. Sustainable Cities and Society, 60: 102282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102282
Lin, T. P. (2009). Thermal perception, adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions. Building and Environment, 44(10): 2017–2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.02.004
Lin, T. P., De Dear, R., & Hwang, R. L. (2011). Effect of thermal adaptation on seasonal outdoor thermal comfort. International Journal of Climatology, 31(2), 302–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2120
Lin, T. P., & Matzarakis, A. (2008). Tourism climate and thermal comfort in Sun Moon Lake, Taiwan. International Journal of Biometeorology, 52(4): 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-007-0122-7
Liu, W., Zhang, Y., & Deng, Q. (2016). The effects of urban microclimate on outdoor thermal sensation and neutral temperature in hot-summer and cold-winter climate. Energy and Buildings, 128, 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.06.086
Mahmoud, A. H. A. (2011). Analysis of the microclimatic and human comfort conditions in an urban park in hot and arid regions. Building and Environment, 46(12), 2641–2656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.06.025
Makaremi, N., Salleh, E., Jaafar, M. Z., & GhaffarianHoseini, A. (2012). Thermal comfort conditions of shaded outdoor spaces in hot and humid climate of Malaysia. Building and Environment, 48(1), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.024
Matzarakis, A., & Mayer, H. (1996). Another Kind of Environmental Stress: Thermal Stress. WHO Newsletter, Vol. 18, pp. 7–10.
Matzarakis, A., Rutz, F., & Mayer, H. (2007). Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments—application of the RayMan model. International Journal of Biometeorology, 51(2), 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-009-0261-0
Matzarakis, A., Rutz, F., & Mayer, H. (2010). Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments: Basics of the RayMan model. International Journal of Biometeorology, 54(2), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-009-0261-0
Middel, A., Selover, N., Hagen, B., & Chhetri, N. (2016). Impact of shade on outdoor thermal comfort—a seasonal field study in Tempe, Arizona. International Journal of Biometeorology, 60(12), 1849–1861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-016-1172-5
Monteiro, L. . (2008). Thermal comfort predictive models: Quantification of relationships between microclimate and thermal sensation variables for outdoor spaces assessment and design.
Nazarian, N., Sin, T., & Norford, L. (2018). Numerical modeling of outdoor thermal comfort in 3D. Urban Climate, 26, 212–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2018.09.001
Nikolopoulou, M. (2004). Designing Open Spaces in the Urban Environment: a Biolimatic Approach. In Uma ética para quantos? https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2
Niu, Jianlei, Liu, J., Lee, T. cheung, Lin, Z., Mak, C., Tse, K. T., … Kwok, K. C. S. (2015). A new method to assess spatial variations of outdoor thermal comfort: Onsite monitoring results and implications for precinct planning. Building and Environment, 91, 263–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.02.017
Niu, Jiaqi, Hong, B., Geng, Y., Mi, J., & He, J. (2020). Summertime physiological and thermal responses among activity levels in campus outdoor spaces in a humid subtropical city. Science of the Total Environment, 728, 138757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138757
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., & Mcmahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification Updated world map of the K ¨ oppen-Geiger climate classification. In Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss (Vol. 4). Retrieved from www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/439/2007/
Potchter, O., Cohen, P., Lin, T. P., & Matzarakis, A. (2018). Outdoor human thermal perception in various climates: A comprehensive review of approaches, methods and quantification. Science of the Total Environment, 631–632, 390–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.276
Richard J. de Dear, & Gail Schiller Brager. (1998). Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference. ASHRAE Transactions, 104(1), 1–18.
Salata, F., Golasi, I., de Lieto Vollaro, R., & de Lieto Vollaro, A. (2016). Outdoor thermal comfort in the Mediterranean area. A transversal study in Rome, Italy. Building and Environment, 96, 46–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.11.023
Salata, F., Golasi, I., Verrusio, W., de Lieto Vollaro, E., Cacciafesta, M., & de Lieto Vollaro, A. (2018, August 1). On the necessities to analyse the thermohygrometric perception in aged people. A review about indoor thermal comfort, health and energetic aspects and a perspective for future studies. Sustainable Cities and Society, Vol. 41, pp. 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.06.003
Shooshtarian, S., & Ridley, I. (2016). the Effect of Individual and Social Environments on the Users Thermal. Sustainable Cities and Society, 26, 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.06.005
Smith, P., & Henríquez, C. (2019). Perception of thermal comfort in outdoor public spaces in the medium-sized city of Chillán, Chile, during a warm summer. Urban Climate, 30, 100525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2019.100525
Spagnolo, J., & de Dear, R. (2003). A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney Australia. Building and Environment, 38(5), 721–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(02)00209-3
Wang, Y., de Groot, R., Bakker, F., Wörtche, H., & Leemans, R. (2017). Thermal comfort in urban green spaces: a survey on a Dutch university campus. International Journal of Biometeorology, 61(1), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-016-1193-0
WWO. (2020). World Weather Online | World Weather | Weather Forecast. Retrieved October 8, 2020, from https://www.worldweatheronline.com/
Xi, T., Li, Q., Mochida, A., & Meng, Q. (2012). Study on the outdoor thermal environment and thermal comfort around campus clusters in subtropical urban areas. Building and Environment, 52(July 2007), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.11.006
Xu, M., Hong, B., Mi, J., & Yan, S. (2018). Outdoor thermal comfort in an urban park during winter in cold regions of China. Sustainable Cities and Society, Vol. 43, pp. 208–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.08.034
Yahia, M. W., & Johansson, E. (2013). Evaluating the behaviour of different thermal indices by investigating various outdoor urban environments in the hot dry city of Damascus, Syria. International Journal of Biometeorology, 57(4), 615–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-012-0589-8
Yang, W., Wong, N. H., & Zhang, G. (2013). A comparative analysis of human thermal conditions in outdoor urban spaces in the summer season in Singapore and Changsha, China. International Journal of Biometeorology, 57(6), 895–907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-012-0616-9
Yao, J., Yang, F., Zhuang, Z., Shao, Y., & Yuan, P. F. (2018). The effect of personal and microclimatic variables on outdoor thermal comfort: A field study in a cold season in Lujiazui CBD, Shanghai. Sustainable Cities and Society, 39, 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.02.025
Zhao, L., Zhou, X., Li, L., He, S., & Chen, R. (2016). Study on outdoor thermal comfort on a campus in a subtropical urban area in summer. Sustainable Cities and Society, 22, 164–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.02.009
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright of articles that appear in International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions or any other reproductions of similar nature.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- This Journal applies Creative Commons Licenses of CC-BY-NC-SA
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
