How to Reveal the Meaning of Space in Vernacular Architecture?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v9.n1.890Abstract
Vernacular architecture is a modest style of building used to maintain the balance of human relations with nature. This architectural style is specific to a region and passed down from one generation to another to embody cultural values. However, its development is currently facing globalization and modernization challenges, thereby leading to a gradual shift of this ancestral heritage to modern buildings. Change is unavoidable due to continuous evolution, however, the meaning inherent architecture buildings need to be maintained because it contains the cultural and social values of the associated local community. Furthermore, vernacular building space is a place for social activities and contains historical meaning applicable to modern buildings. Its functionality responds to changes and the needs of times while maintaining the local essence. Therefore, this research aims to determine the suitable method needed to reveal the meaning of vernacular architectural space. Data were collected from the conscious mind of space users through in-depth interviews by applying epoche, which were further reduced, categorized, and integrated to determine its meaning. The data collected through a literature review were analyzed using the content analysis method. The results showed that transcendental phenomenology is the right method to determine the meaning of vernacular architectural space. Based on the results, it is concluded that the meaning passed down from one generation to another could be expressed through the conscious experience of space users. Furthermore, transcendental phenomenology helped reveal the meaning without the intervention of the author’s knowledge, therefore it is unbiased and applicable in modern buildings.
References
Altman, I., & Chemers, M. (1980). Culture and Environment. California: Wadsworth, Inc.
Ara, D. R., & Rashid, M. (2016). Between the built and the unbuilt in vernacular studies: The architecture of the Mru of the Chittagong Hills. Journal of Architecture, 21(1): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602365.2015.1137620
Atık, D., & Erdoğan, N. (2017). A model suggestion for determining physical and socio-cultural changes of traditional settlements in Turkey. A/Z ITU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 14(2): 81–93. https://doi.org/10.5505/itujfa.2017.62534
Baharudin, N. A., & Ismail, A. S. (2016). Architectural Style of Da’wah Mosque in Malaysia: from Vernacular to Modern Structures. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability, 3(2): 70–78. https://doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v3.n2.122
Brouwer, M. A. W. (1984). Psikologi Fenomenologis. Jakarta: PT.Gramedia.
Ching, F. D. K. (2015). Architecture: Form, Space, and Order (4th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design. London: Sage Publications, Ltd.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: International student edition (4th ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE Publication, Inc.
Dawson, C. (2007). A Practical Guide to Research Methods. A User-friendly manual for mastering techniques and projects. Oxford: How To Content.
Dayaratne, R. (2018). Toward sustainable development: Lessons from vernacular settlements of Sri Lanka. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 7(3): 334–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2018.04.002
Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1994). What is Philosophy? New York: Columbia University Press.
Ford, L. R. (2000). The Spaces Between Building. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.
Gomez, A. P. (2006). The Space of Architecture: Meaning as Presence and Presentation. In S. Holl, J. Pallasmaa, & A. P. Gomez (Eds.), Questions of Perception: Phenomenology of Architecture 2: 7–25. San Francisco: William Stout Publishers.
Jansson-Boyd, C. V. (2019). Quantitative Research: Its place in consumer psychology. In P. M. W. Hackett (Ed.), Quantitative Research Methods in Consumer Psychology: Contemporary and data-driven approaches. New York: Routledge.
Kakkori, L. (2009). Hermeneutics and Phenomenology Problems When Applying Hermeneutic Phenomenological Method in Educational Qualitative Research. Paideusis, 18(20): 19–27. https://doi.org/10.7202/1072329ar
Koentjaraningrat. (2004). Bunga Rampai: Kebudayaan Mentalitas dan Pembangunan. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space (E. by D. N. Smith (ed.); 1st ed.). Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
Li, G., & Hu, W. (2019). A network-based approach for landscape integration of traditional settlements: A case study in the Wuling Mountain area, southwestern China. Land Use Policy, 83(January), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.01.043
Martirano, M. M. (2016). Transcendental Phenomenology: Overlooked Methodology for Marketing Research. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 8(3): 58–64. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v8n3p58
Maslow, A. H. (2016). A Theory of Human Motivation. Midwest Journal Press.
Meiss, P. von. (2013). Elements of Architecture: From form to place + tectonics (2nd ed.). Lausanne: EPFL Press.
Michiani, M. V., & Asano, J. (2016). Influence of inhabitant background on the physical changes of Banjarese houses: A case study in Kuin Utara settlement, Banjarmasin, Indonesia. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 5(4): 412–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2016.09.005
Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological Research Methods. California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Norberg-Schulz, C. (1980). Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture. New York: Rizzoli.
Oranratmanee, R. (2018). Vernacular Houses of the Shan in Myanmar in the South-East Asian Context. Vernacular Architecture, 49(1): 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055477.2018.1524217
Pallasmaa, J. (2006). An Architecture of the Seven Senses. In S. Holl, J. Pallasmaa, & A. P. Gómez (Eds.), Questions of Perception: Phenomenology of Architecture 27–38. San Francisco: William Stout Publishers.
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (4th ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications, Inc.
Philokyprou, M., & Michael, A. (2020). Environmental Sustainability in the Conservation of Vernacular Architecture. The Case of Rural and Urban Traditional Settlements in Cyprus. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 00(00): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2020.1719235
Poonia, M. P., & Sharma, S. C. (2017). Environmental Studies. New Delhi: Khanna Publishing.
Priest, H. (2002). An Approach to the Phenomenological Analysis of Data. Nurse Researcher, 10(2): 50–63. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10958296_An_approach_to_the_phenomenological_analysis_of_data. Retrieved date: 3 June, 2021.
Purbadi, Y. D. (2010). Tata Suku dan Tata Spasial pada Arsitektur Permukiman Suku Dawan di Desa Kaenbaun di Pulau Timor. Laporan Disertasi. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Randles, C. (2012). Phenomenology: A review of literature. National Association for Music Education, 30(2): 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/8755123312436988
Rapoport, A. (1969). House Form and Culture. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Rapoport, A. (1977). Human Aspects of Urban Form Towards a Man—Environment Approach to Urban Form and Design (1st ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Rapoport, A. (1990). The Meaning of the Built Environment: A non verbal communication approach. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press.
Sokolowski, R. (2000). Introduction to phenomenology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Starks, H., & Trinidad, S. B. (2007). Choose Your Method: A comparison of phenomenology, Discourse analysis, and grounded theory. Qualitative Health Research, 17(10): 1372–1380. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732307307031
Stewart, D., & Mickunas, A. (1974). Exploring phenomenology: A guide to the field and its literature. Chicago: American LibraryAssociation.
Sudaryono. (2012). Fenomenologi Sebagai Epistemologi Baru Dalam Perencanaan Kota Dan Permukiman. Pidato Pengukuhan Jabatan Guru Besar Pada Fakultas Teknik. 14 Maret 2012. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Van Manen, M. (2016). Phenomenology of Practice: Meaning-Giving Methods in Phenomenological Research and Writing. New York: Routledge.
Van Manen, M. (2017). Phenomenology in Its Original Sense. Qualitative Health Research, 27(6): 810–825. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732317699381
Weisman, G. D. (1981). Environmental Programming and Action Research. Environment and Behavior. Journal of Man-Environment Relations, 1(2): 32–41.
Wibowo, S. H. B. (2019). Arsitektur Omah Dudur Di Wilayah Urut Sewu, Kecamatan Grabag, Kabupaten Purworejo, Jawa Tengah. Laporan Disertasi. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Wilson, C. S. J. (2014). Architectural Reflections: Studies in the philosophy and practice of architecture. Oxford: Butterworth Architecture.
Zahavi, D. (2018). Introduction. In D. Zahavi (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of The History of Phenomenology. 1–2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zhang, Y., Baimu, S., Tong, J., & Wang, W. (2018). Geometric spatial structure of traditional Tibetan settlements of Digger County, China: A case study of four villages. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 7(3): 304–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2018.05.005
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright of articles that appear in International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions or any other reproductions of similar nature.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- This Journal applies Creative Commons Licenses of CC-BY-NC-SA
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
